valuation

finance valuation

The valuation.* commands calculate valuation outputs from explicit assumptions and, for selected commands, provider-attributed market context.

These commands are calculators and data shapers. They do not decide whether a security is attractive and should not be presented as investment advice.

Large numeric inputs can use raw numbers or suffixes such as K, M, and B where the command accepts scaled numbers. Rate inputs accept decimals or percentages such as 0.10 and 10%.

finance valuation.dcf

Calculate DCF enterprise value from forecast cash flows.

What it does

finance valuation.dcf calculates DCF enterprise value from forecast cash flows. It returns parsed inputs, calculated outputs, method metadata, and warnings in the standard JSON envelope.

When to use it

Use it when forecast free cash flows and terminal assumptions are explicit.

Use either terminal_growth or exit_multiple for the terminal value assumption. Do not use this output as investment advice or infer assumptions silently.

Usage

finance valuation.dcf cashflows=100M,120M,140M discount_rate=10% [terminal_growth=3%|exit_multiple=15]

Arguments

Argument	Required	Default	Accepted values	Description
cashflows	Yes	None	Comma-separated values	Comma-separated cash-flow series. K/M/B suffixes are accepted.
discount_rate	Yes	None	Decimal rate or percent string	Discount rate. Percent strings are accepted.
terminal_growth	No	None	Decimal rate or percent string	Perpetuity growth rate for Gordon-growth terminal value.
exit_multiple	No	None	Number	Exit multiple alternative to terminal growth.

Basic usage

finance valuation.dcf cashflows=100M,120M,140M discount_rate=10% terminal_growth=3% --output json

Example output

This output was generated with finance valuation.dcf cashflows=100M,120M,140M discount_rate=10% terminal_growth=3% --output json.

{
  "ok": true,
  "data": {
    "cashflows": [
      100000000.0,
      120000000.0,
      140000000.0
    ],
    "discount_rate": 0.1,
    "terminal_growth": 0.03,
    "exit_multiple": null,
    "terminal_value": 2059999999.9999998,
    "terminal_method": "gordon_growth",
    "discounted_cashflows": [
      {
        "t": 1,
        "cashflow": 100000000.0,
        "present_value": 90909090.9090909
      },
      {
        "t": 2,
        "cashflow": 120000000.0,
        "present_value": 99173553.71900825
      },
      {
        "t": 3,
        "cashflow": 140000000.0,
        "present_value": 105184072.12622085
      }
    ],
    "pv_cashflows": 295266716.75432,
    "pv_terminal_value": 1547708489.8572495,
    "enterprise_value": 1842975206.6115694,
    "method": "forecast FCF only, discounted from t=1; do not include an initial t=0 investment cash flow",
    "warnings": []
  },
  "error": null,
  "warnings": []
}

Output fields

Field	Type	Description
ok	boolean	Whether the command completed successfully.
data	object or null	Command-specific result payload. It is null when ok is false.
error	string or null	Human-readable error message when ok is false; otherwise null.
warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.
data.cashflows	array	Parsed cash-flow series after K/M/B suffix handling.
data.discount_rate	number	Parsed discount rate as a decimal.
data.terminal_growth	number	Parsed terminal growth rate as a decimal.
data.exit_multiple	null	Exit multiple terminal assumption when used.
data.terminal_value	number	Undiscounted terminal value.
data.terminal_method	string	Terminal value method.
data.discounted_cashflows	array	Per-period present values for forecast cash flows.
data.discounted_cashflows[].t	integer	Forecast period index, starting at 1.
data.discounted_cashflows[].cashflow	number	Forecast cash flow for that period.
data.discounted_cashflows[].present_value	number	Discounted present value for that period.
data.pv_cashflows	number	Present value of forecast-period cash flows.
data.pv_terminal_value	number	Present value of terminal value.
data.enterprise_value	number	Calculated enterprise value.
data.method	string	Formula or calculation convention used.
data.warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.

finance valuation.irr

Calculate IRR for periodic cash flows.

What it does

finance valuation.irr calculates IRR for periodic cash flows. It returns parsed inputs, calculated outputs, method metadata, and warnings in the standard JSON envelope.

When to use it

Use for deterministic valuation math once assumptions are explicit.

Do not present valuation output as investment advice.

Usage

finance valuation.irr cashflows=-100M,30M,40M,50M

Arguments

Argument	Required	Default	Accepted values	Description
cashflows	Yes	None	Comma-separated values	Comma-separated cash-flow series. K/M/B suffixes are accepted.

Basic usage

finance valuation.irr cashflows=-100M,30M,40M,50M --output json

Example output

This output was generated with finance valuation.irr cashflows=-100M,30M,40M,50M --output json.

{
  "ok": true,
  "data": {
    "cashflows": [
      -100000000.0,
      30000000.0,
      40000000.0,
      50000000.0
    ],
    "irr": 0.08896339469334985,
    "method": "rate r where sum(cashflow_t / (1 + r)^t) = 0",
    "solver": "bisection_numeric_approximation",
    "warnings": []
  },
  "error": null,
  "warnings": []
}

Output fields

Field	Type	Description
ok	boolean	Whether the command completed successfully.
data	object or null	Command-specific result payload. It is null when ok is false.
error	string or null	Human-readable error message when ok is false; otherwise null.
warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.
data.cashflows	array	Parsed cash-flow series after K/M/B suffix handling.
data.irr	number	Internal rate of return as a decimal.
data.method	string	Formula or calculation convention used.
data.solver	string	Numerical solver used for IRR.
data.warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.

finance valuation.multiples

Calculate current sales multiples from market cap and revenue.

What it does

finance valuation.multiples fetches current quote context and fundamental revenue, then calculates price-to-sales and enterprise-value-to-sales.

When to use it

Use it when you need provider-attributed price-to-sales and EV-to-sales from current market context and provider revenue.

Do not present valuation output as investment advice.

Usage

finance valuation.multiples SYMBOL

Arguments

Argument	Required	Default	Accepted values	Description
symbol	Yes	None	Text	Ticker symbol to value.

Basic usage

finance valuation.multiples IOT --output json

Example output

This output was generated with finance valuation.multiples IOT --output json.

{
  "ok": true,
  "data": {
    "symbol": "IOT",
    "price": 27.99,
    "market_cap": 16310054912.0,
    "enterprise_value": 15493225472.0,
    "cash": 833792000.0,
    "debt": 72768000.0,
    "net_debt": -761024000.0,
    "currency": "USD",
    "revenue": 1618635000.0,
    "revenue_period": "2026-01-31",
    "revenue_period_type": "FY",
    "multiples": {
      "price_to_sales": 10.076425452310126,
      "ev_to_sales": 9.571784541913402
    },
    "sources": [
      "market.quote",
      "fundamentals.statement"
    ],
    "warnings": []
  },
  "error": null,
  "warnings": []
}

Output fields

Field	Type	Description
ok	boolean	Whether the command completed successfully.
data	object or null	Command-specific result payload. It is null when ok is false.
error	string or null	Human-readable error message when ok is false; otherwise null.
warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.
data.symbol	string	Ticker symbol used by the command.
data.price	number	Current provider quote price.
data.market_cap	number	Market capitalization returned by the provider.
data.enterprise_value	number	Calculated enterprise value.
data.cash	number	Cash returned by the command.
data.debt	number	Debt returned by the command.
data.net_debt	number	Debt minus excess cash.
data.currency	string	Currency code returned by the provider.
data.revenue	number	Revenue input or provider revenue value.
data.revenue_period	string	Period associated with provider revenue.
data.revenue_period_type	string	Revenue period type.
data.multiples	object	Calculated valuation multiples.
data.multiples.price_to_sales	number	Calculated multiple.
data.multiples.ev_to_sales	number	Calculated multiple.
data.sources	array	Provider/source commands used to shape the result.
data.warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.

finance valuation.npv

Calculate NPV for periodic cash flows.

What it does

finance valuation.npv calculates NPV for periodic cash flows. It returns parsed inputs, calculated outputs, method metadata, and warnings in the standard JSON envelope.

When to use it

Use for deterministic valuation math once assumptions are explicit.

Do not present valuation output as investment advice.

Usage

finance valuation.npv cashflows=-100M,30M,40M,50M discount_rate=10%

Arguments

Argument	Required	Default	Accepted values	Description
cashflows	Yes	None	Comma-separated values	Comma-separated cash-flow series. K/M/B suffixes are accepted.
discount_rate	Yes	None	Decimal rate or percent string	Discount rate. Percent strings are accepted.

Basic usage

finance valuation.npv cashflows=-100M,30M,40M,50M discount_rate=10% --output json

Example output

This output was generated with finance valuation.npv cashflows=-100M,30M,40M,50M discount_rate=10% --output json.

{
  "ok": true,
  "data": {
    "cashflows": [
      -100000000.0,
      30000000.0,
      40000000.0,
      50000000.0
    ],
    "discount_rate": 0.1,
    "npv": -2103681.442524448,
    "method": "sum(cashflow_t / (1 + discount_rate)^t), with first cash flow at t=0",
    "warnings": []
  },
  "error": null,
  "warnings": []
}

Output fields

Field	Type	Description
ok	boolean	Whether the command completed successfully.
data	object or null	Command-specific result payload. It is null when ok is false.
error	string or null	Human-readable error message when ok is false; otherwise null.
warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.
data.cashflows	array	Parsed cash-flow series after K/M/B suffix handling.
data.discount_rate	number	Parsed discount rate as a decimal.
data.npv	number	Net present value.
data.method	string	Formula or calculation convention used.
data.warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.

finance valuation.scenario

Build a simple bull/base/bear sales-multiple scenario table.

What it does

finance valuation.scenario combines user-supplied revenue, sales multiples, and share count with current quote context when available.

When to use it

Use it when you have explicit revenue and sales-multiple assumptions and want bear/base/bull implied market caps or prices.

This is an assumption table, not a recommendation. Use it after documenting the source or rationale for revenue, multiple, and share-count inputs.

Usage

finance valuation.scenario SYMBOL revenue=2.2B bear_multiple=7 base_multiple=10 bull_multiple=13 [shares=580M]

Arguments

Argument	Required	Default	Accepted values	Description
symbol	Yes	None	Text	Ticker symbol used for current quote context.
revenue	Yes	None	Number or K/M/B/T-suffixed number	Revenue input or assumption.
bear_multiple	Yes	None	Number	Bear-case sales multiple.
base_multiple	Yes	None	Number	Base-case sales multiple.
bull_multiple	Yes	None	Number	Bull-case sales multiple.
shares	No	580M	Number or K/M/B/T-suffixed number	Share count override. K/M/B suffixes are accepted.

Basic usage

finance valuation.scenario IOT revenue=2.2B bear_multiple=7 base_multiple=10 bull_multiple=13 shares=580M --output json

Example output

This output was generated with finance valuation.scenario IOT revenue=2.2B bear_multiple=7 base_multiple=10 bull_multiple=13 shares=580M --output json.

{
  "ok": true,
  "data": {
    "symbol": "IOT",
    "currency": "USD",
    "current_price": 27.99,
    "market_cap": 16310054912.0,
    "shares": 580000000.0,
    "shares_source": {
      "source": "user_input"
    },
    "assumptions": {
      "revenue": 2200000000.0,
      "multiple_basis": "price_to_sales"
    },
    "cases": [
      {
        "case": "bear",
        "revenue": 2200000000.0,
        "multiple": 7.0,
        "implied_market_cap": 15400000000.0,
        "implied_price": 26.551724137931036,
        "upside_pct": -5.1385346983528475
      },
      {
        "case": "base",
        "revenue": 2200000000.0,
        "multiple": 10.0,
        "implied_market_cap": 22000000000.0,
        "implied_price": 37.93103448275862,
        "upside_pct": 35.51637900235305
      },
      {
        "case": "bull",
        "revenue": 2200000000.0,
        "multiple": 13.0,
        "implied_market_cap": 28600000000.0,
        "implied_price": 49.310344827586206,
        "upside_pct": 76.17129270305898
      }
    ],
    "warnings": []
  },
  "error": null,
  "warnings": []
}

Output fields

Field	Type	Description
ok	boolean	Whether the command completed successfully.
data	object or null	Command-specific result payload. It is null when ok is false.
error	string or null	Human-readable error message when ok is false; otherwise null.
warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.
data.symbol	string	Ticker symbol used by the command.
data.currency	string	Currency code returned by the provider.
data.current_price	number	Current provider quote price used for scenario upside.
data.market_cap	number	Market capitalization returned by the provider.
data.shares	number	Share count used in scenario calculations.
data.shares_source	object	Source of the share count.
data.shares_source.source	string	Source of the share-count input, such as user_input or provider context.
data.assumptions	object	User-supplied scenario assumptions after parsing.
data.assumptions.revenue	number	Revenue input or provider revenue value.
data.assumptions.multiple_basis	string	Multiple basis used for the scenario, such as price_to_sales.
data.cases	array	Bear/base/bull scenario rows.
data.cases[].case	string	Scenario label: bear, base, or bull.
data.cases[].revenue	number	Revenue input or provider revenue value.
data.cases[].multiple	number	Sales multiple used for the scenario row.
data.cases[].implied_market_cap	number	Revenue multiplied by the scenario multiple.
data.cases[].implied_price	number	Implied market cap divided by share count.
data.cases[].upside_pct	number	Implied price change versus current provider quote.
data.warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.

finance valuation.wacc

Calculate weighted average cost of capital.

What it does

finance valuation.wacc calculates weighted average cost of capital. It returns parsed inputs, calculated outputs, method metadata, and warnings in the standard JSON envelope.

When to use it

Use for deterministic valuation math once assumptions are explicit.

Do not present valuation output as investment advice.

Usage

finance valuation.wacc equity_value=10B debt_value=1B cost_of_equity=10% cost_of_debt=5% tax_rate=21%

Arguments

Argument	Required	Default	Accepted values	Description
equity_value	Yes	None	Number or K/M/B/T-suffixed number	Market value of equity.
debt_value	Yes	None	Number or K/M/B/T-suffixed number	Debt value.
cost_of_equity	Yes	None	Decimal rate or percent string	Cost of equity. Percent strings are accepted.
cost_of_debt	Yes	None	Decimal rate or percent string	Cost of debt. Percent strings are accepted.
tax_rate	No	0	Decimal rate or percent string	Tax rate. Percent strings are accepted.

Basic usage

finance valuation.wacc equity_value=10B debt_value=1B cost_of_equity=10% cost_of_debt=5% tax_rate=21% --output json

Example output

This output was generated with finance valuation.wacc equity_value=10B debt_value=1B cost_of_equity=10% cost_of_debt=5% tax_rate=21% --output json.

{
  "ok": true,
  "data": {
    "wacc": 0.0945,
    "weights": {
      "equity": 0.9090909090909091,
      "debt": 0.09090909090909091
    },
    "inputs": {
      "equity_value": 10000000000.0,
      "debt_value": 1000000000.0,
      "cost_of_equity": 0.1,
      "cost_of_debt": 0.05,
      "tax_rate": 0.21
    },
    "method": "E/(D+E)*cost_of_equity + D/(D+E)*cost_of_debt*(1-tax_rate)",
    "warnings": []
  },
  "error": null,
  "warnings": []
}

Output fields

Field	Type	Description
ok	boolean	Whether the command completed successfully.
data	object or null	Command-specific result payload. It is null when ok is false.
error	string or null	Human-readable error message when ok is false; otherwise null.
warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.
data.wacc	number	Weighted average cost of capital as a decimal.
data.weights	object	Capital structure weights used by WACC calculations.
data.weights.equity	number	Capital structure weight.
data.weights.debt	number	Capital structure weight.
data.inputs	object	Parsed numeric inputs used by the calculation.
data.inputs.equity_value	number	Parsed input value used by the formula.
data.inputs.debt_value	number	Parsed input value used by the formula.
data.inputs.cost_of_equity	number	CAPM cost of equity as a decimal.
data.inputs.cost_of_debt	number	Parsed input value used by the formula.
data.inputs.tax_rate	number	Parsed input value used by the formula.
data.method	string	Formula or calculation convention used.
data.warnings	array	Non-fatal warnings returned by the command.